@article{196e97629c784aae8107977e24fa6e3d,
title = "A solar flare driven by thermal conduction observed in mid-infrared",
abstract = "Context. The mid-infrared (mid-IR) range has been mostly unexplored for the investigation of solar flares. It is only recently that new mid-IR flare observations have begun opening a new window into the response and evolution of the solar chromosphere. These new observations have been mostly performed by the AR30T and BR30T telescopes that are operating in Argentina and Brazil, respectively. Aims. We present the analysis of SOL2019-05-15T19:24, a GOES class C2.0 solar flare observed at 30 THz (10 μm) by the ground-based telescope AR30T. Our aim is to characterize the evolution of the flaring atmosphere and the energy transport mechanism in the context of mid-IR emission. Methods. We performed a multi-wavelength analysis of the event by complementing the mid-IR data with diverse ground- and space-based data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), the H-α Solar Telescope for Argentina, and the Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array (EOVSA). Our study includes the analysis of the magnetic field evolution of the flaring region and of the development of the flare. Results. The mid-IR images from AR30T show two bright and compact flare sources that are spatially associated with the flare kernels observed in ultraviolet (UV) by SDO. We confirm that the temporal association between mid-IR and UV fluxes previously reported for strong flares is also observed for this small flare. The EOVSA microwave data revealed flare spectra consistent with thermal free-free emission, which lead us to dismiss the existence of a significant number of non-thermal electrons. We thus consider thermal conduction as the primary mechanism responsible for energy transport. Our estimates for the thermal conduction energy and total radiated energy fall within the same order of magnitude, reinforcing our conclusions.",
keywords = "Sun: activity, Sun: chromosphere, Sun: flares, Sun: infrared",
author = "L{\'o}pez, {Fernando M.} and {Gim{\'e}nez De Castro}, {Carlos Guillermo} and Mandrini, {Cristina H.} and Sim{\~o}es, {Paulo J.A.} and Cristiani, {Germ{\'a}n D.} and Gary, {Dale E.} and Carlos Francile and Pascal D{\'e}moulin",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements. This research was partially supported by FAPESP grant 2013/24155-3 and CAPES 88887.310385/2018-00. F. M. L. is a CAPES fellow. P. J. A. S. acknowledges support from the Fundo de Pesquisa Mackenzie (Mack-Pesquisa) and CNPq (contract 307612/2019-8). C. M. and G. D. C. acknowledge grants PICT 2016-0221 (ANPCyT) and UBACyT 20020170100611BA. G. D. C. is a member of the Carrera del Investigador Cient{\'i}fico of the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient{\'i}ficas y T{\'e}cnicas (CONICET). C. H. M. is a CONICET researcher. C. G. G. C. is a corresponding researcher of CONICET and fellow of the CNPq (PQ level 2, grant 307722/2019-8). DG and EOVSA are supported by NSF grant AST-1910354 and NASA grants 80NSSC18K1128 and 80NSSC20K0627 to New Jersey Institute of Technology. We recognize the collaborative and open nature of knowledge creation and dissemination, under the control of the academic community as expressed by Camille No{\^u}s. Funding Information: This research was partially supported by FAPESP grant 2013/24155-3 and CAPES 88887.310385/2018-00. F. M. L. is a CAPES fellow. P. J. A. S. acknowledges support from the Fundo de Pesquisa Mackenzie (Mack-Pesquisa) and CNPq (contract 307612/2019-8). C. M. and G. D. C. acknowledge grants PICT 2016-0221 (ANPCyT) and UBACyT 20020170100611BA. G. D. C. is a member of the Carrera del Investigador Cient{\'i}fico of the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient{\'i}ficas y T{\'e}cnicas (CONICET). C. H. M. is a CONICET researcher. C. G. G. C. is a corresponding researcher of CONICET and fellow of the CNPq (PQ level 2, grant 307722/2019-8). DG and EOVSA are supported by NSF grant AST-1910354 and NASA grants 80NSSC18K1128 and 80NSSC20K0627 to New Jersey Institute of Technology. We recognize the collaborative and open nature of knowledge creation and dissemination, under the control of the academic community as expressed by Camille No{\^u}s. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} ESO 2022.",
year = "2022",
month = jan,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/202141967",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "657",
journal = "Astronomy and Astrophysics",
issn = "0004-6361",
publisher = "EDP Sciences",
}