@article{7da255c09c4f4276a9b4d02afc55e259,
title = "A study on embedding efficiency of matrix encoding",
abstract = "In this paper, the authors examine embedding efficiency, which influences the most concerned performance of steganography, security, directly. Embedding efficiency is defined as the number of random message bits embedded per embedding change. Recently, matrix embedding has gained extensive attention because of its outstanding performance in boosting steganographic schemes' embedding efficiency. Firstly, the authors evaluate embedding change not only on the number of changed coefficients but also on the varying magnitude of changed coefficients. Secondly, embedding efficiency of matrix embedding with different radixes is formularized and investigated. A conclusion is drawn that ternary matrix embedding can achieve the highest embedding efficiency.",
keywords = "Embedding efficiency, Hammering codes, Matrix encoding, Steganographic techniques, Steganography",
author = "Lifang Yu and Shi, {Yun Q.} and Yao Zhao and Rongrong Ni and Gang Cao",
note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to thank Dr. Xinxian Huang for her kindest help in the process of derivation of some important formulas.This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60776794, No.90604032, No.60702013), 973 program (No.2006CB303104), 863 program (No.2007AA01Z175), Beijing NSF (No.4073038) and Specialized Research Foundation of BJTU (No.2006XM008, No.2005SZ005). Funding Information: Yao Zhao received the BE degree from Fuzhou University in 1989 and the MS degree from the Southeast University in 1992, both from the Radio Engineering Department, and the PhD degree from the Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University (BJTU) in 1996. He became an associate professor at BJTU in 1998 and became a professor in 2001. From 2001 to 2002, he worked as a senior research fellow in the Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Information Technology and Systems, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands. He is now the director of the Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University. His research interests include image/video coding, fractals, digital watermarking, and content based image retrieval. Now he is leading several national research projects from 973 Program, 863 Program, the National Science Foundation of China, and Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation. He is a member of the IEEE. Funding Information: Rongrong Ni was born in 1976, and received her PhD from Institute of Information Science at Beijing Jiaotong University in April 2005. Her research interests include image processing, data hiding and digital watermarking, pattern recognition, and computer vision, etc. Now she is in charge of a NSFC (Natural Science Foundation of China) project and a Beijing NSF (Natural Science Foundation) project. In addition, she participates in 973 and 863 projects as the backbone. She publishes more than 30 papers, and applies 4 national patents. Funding Information: Lifang Yu received the BE degree in biomedical engineering from Beijing Jiaotong University, China, in 2006. From then on, she has been pursuing her PhD degree in Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, China. From 2009 to 2010, she received a scholarship from the China Scholarship Council and conducted research as a visiting scholar under Prof. Yun Q. Shi{\textquoteright}s supervision in New Jersey Institute of Technology. From 2009 to 2011, she leaded an Innovation Foundation for Excellent PhD students sponsored by Beijing Jiaotong University. Her research interests include steganography and steganalysis, information forensics, watermarking and pattern recognition. ",
year = "2012",
month = jan,
doi = "10.4018/jdcf.2012010103",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "4",
pages = "37--48",
journal = "International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics",
issn = "1941-6210",
publisher = "IGI Global Publishing",
number = "1",
}