An Intelligent Cyber-Physical System Integrating Large Language Models (LLMs), IoT Wireless Sensor Networks, and Augmented Reality (AR) for Real-Time Indoor Environmental Quality Improvement and Automated HVAC Control in Smart Buildings

The integration of emerging technologies can revolutionize human-building interaction, particularly in enhancing HVAC control interfaces. This paper presents an innovative cyber-physical system (CPS) integrating IoT sensors, augmented reality (AR), and large language models (LLMs). The proposed CPS enables users to interact with building facilities through voice commands and query recommendations on adjusting HVAC systems to achieve desired thermal comfort. The CPS employs an IoT-enabled wireless sensor network to collect real-time thermal comfort parameters which are then visualized in an AR environment, providing users with an interactive interface for monitoring and controlling indoor conditions. By incorporating LLMs, the CPS facilitates natural language interaction, empowering users with intuitive means of managing thermal comfort and HVAC operations. The developed CPS supports sustainable building management by optimizing energy consumption to achieve real-time, user-driven thermal comfort. This work sets the foundation for intelligent, adaptive, and user-centric building CPSs that connect advanced technologies and human needs.