@article{353d1c9da000489193a179a72d5e7fa7,
title = "Cerebro-cerebellar Dysconnectivity in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder",
abstract = "Objective: Abnormal cerebellar development has been implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity (FC) has yet to be examined in ADHD. Our objective is to investigate the disturbed cerebro-cerebellar FC in children and adolescents with ADHD. Method: We analyzed a dataset of 106 individuals with ADHD (68 children, 38 adolescents) and 62 healthy comparison individuals (34 children, 28 adolescents) from the publicly available ADHD-200 dataset. We identified 7 cerebellar subregions based on cerebro-cerebellar FC and subsequently obtained the FC maps of cerebro-cerebellar networks. The main effects of ADHD and age and their interaction were examined using 2-way analysis of variance. Results: Compared to comparisons, ADHD showed higher cerebro-cerebellar FC in the superior temporal gyrus within the somatomotor network. Interactions of diagnosis and age were identified in the supplementary motor area and postcentral gyrus within the somatomotor network and middle temporal gyrus within the ventral attention network. Follow-up Pearson correlation analysis revealed decreased cerebro-cerebellar FC in these regions with increasing age in comparisons, whereas the opposite pattern of increased cerebro-cerebellar FC occurred in ADHD. Conclusion: Increased cerebro-cerebellar FC in the superior temporal gyrus within the somatomotor network could underlie impairments in cognitive control and somatic motor function in ADHD. In addition, increasing cerebro-cerebellar FC in older participants with ADHD suggests that enhanced cerebellar involvement may compensate for dysfunctions of the cerebral cortex in ADHD.",
keywords = "ADHD, age, cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity, interaction effect, main effects",
author = "Pan Wang and Jianlin Wang and Yuan Jiang and Zedong Wang and Chun Meng and Castellanos, {F. Xavier} and Biswal, {Bharat B.}",
note = "Funding Information: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, China (grant number: 61871420). The ADHD-200 dataset was obtained in the FCON-1000 projects (http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/ indi/adhd200/) (National Institute of Mental Health, China grant R01MH083246). The Committee on Best Practices in Data Analysis and Sharing (COBIDAS) is to elaborate the principles of open and reproducible research for neuroimaging using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and then distill these principles to specific research practices (https://www.humanbrainmapping.org/files/2016/COBIDASreport.pdf). Regarding an important COBIDAS recommendation, we state that our study protocol and analysis plan have not been pre-registered. Author Contributions Conceptualization: P. Wang, Biswal Data curation: P. Wang, J. Wang, Jiang, Z. Wang, Meng Formal analysis: P. Wang, J. Wang, Jiang, Z. Wang Funding acquisition: Biswal Investigation: P. Wang, Meng, Castellanos, Biswal Methodology: J. Wang, Jiang, Z. Wang Project administration: P. Wang, Biswal Resources: Biswal Supervision: Biswal Writing – original draft: P. Wang Writing – review and editing: P. Wang, Meng, Castellanos, Biswal Disclosure: Drs. Wang, Meng, Castellanos, and Biswal, Messrs. J. Wang and Z. Wang, and Ms. Jiang have reported no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest. Funding Information: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, China (grant number: 61871420). The ADHD-200 dataset was obtained in the FCON-1000 projects ( http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/ indi/adhd200/ ) (National Institute of Mental Health, China grant R01MH083246). The Committee on Best Practices in Data Analysis and Sharing (COBIDAS) is to elaborate the principles of open and reproducible research for neuroimaging using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and then distill these principles to specific research practices ( https://www.humanbrainmapping.org/files/2016/COBIDASreport.pdf ). Regarding an important COBIDAS recommendation, we state that our study protocol and analysis plan have not been pre-registered. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry",
year = "2022",
month = nov,
doi = "10.1016/j.jaac.2022.03.035",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "61",
pages = "1372--1384",
journal = "Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry",
issn = "0890-8567",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
number = "11",
}