TY - JOUR
T1 - Efficient JPEG steganography using domain transformation of embedding entropy
AU - Hu, Xianglei
AU - Ni, Jiangqun
AU - Shi, Yun Qing
N1 - Funding Information:
Manuscript received December 15, 2017; revised March 8, 2018; accepted March 14, 2018. Date of publication March 22, 2018; date of current version April 25, 2018. This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants U1736215 and 61772573, and in part by the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou under Grants 201707010029 and 201804010265. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Dr. Antonio Paiva. (Corresponding author: Jiangqun Ni.) X. Hu is with the School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China (e-mail:, springhuxl@gmail. com).
Publisher Copyright:
© 1994-2012 IEEE.
PY - 2018/6
Y1 - 2018/6
N2 - Nowadays, JPEG steganographic schemes, e.g., J-UNIWARD, which take into account the effects of embedding in the spatial domain tend to exhibit higher security and introduce less artifacts that can be captured by the prevalent steganalyzers. Following the paradigm, this letter proposes a new design of the distortion measure for JPEG steganography by incorporating the statistics of both the spatial and discrete cosine transform (DCT) domains. The spatial statistics of the decompressed JPEG images are first well characterized with distortion measures of some efficient steganographic schemes in the spatial domain, e.g., HILL, and the resulting embedding entropies of spatial blocks in alignment with DCT blocks are then transformed into the DCT domain to obtain the distortion measures for JPEG steganography. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms considerably other state-of-the-art JPEG steganographic schemes, i.e., J-UNIWARD and UERD, for the most effective feature set GFR at present, and rivals them for other feature sets, e.g., DCTR and CC-JRM.
AB - Nowadays, JPEG steganographic schemes, e.g., J-UNIWARD, which take into account the effects of embedding in the spatial domain tend to exhibit higher security and introduce less artifacts that can be captured by the prevalent steganalyzers. Following the paradigm, this letter proposes a new design of the distortion measure for JPEG steganography by incorporating the statistics of both the spatial and discrete cosine transform (DCT) domains. The spatial statistics of the decompressed JPEG images are first well characterized with distortion measures of some efficient steganographic schemes in the spatial domain, e.g., HILL, and the resulting embedding entropies of spatial blocks in alignment with DCT blocks are then transformed into the DCT domain to obtain the distortion measures for JPEG steganography. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms considerably other state-of-the-art JPEG steganographic schemes, i.e., J-UNIWARD and UERD, for the most effective feature set GFR at present, and rivals them for other feature sets, e.g., DCTR and CC-JRM.
KW - Block embedding entropy (BEE)
KW - JPEG steganography
KW - domain transformation
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U2 - 10.1109/LSP.2018.2818674
DO - 10.1109/LSP.2018.2818674
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85044309270
SN - 1070-9908
VL - 25
SP - 773
EP - 777
JO - IEEE Signal Processing Letters
JF - IEEE Signal Processing Letters
IS - 6
ER -