@article{9476b9559ec743478ba3e97937661fa5,
title = "Evening Side EMIC Waves and Related Proton Precipitation Induced by a Substorm",
abstract = "We present the results of a multi-point and multi-instrument study of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves and related energetic proton precipitation during a substorm. We analyze the data from Arase (ERG) and Van Allen Probes (VAPs) A and B spacecraft for an event of 16 and 17 UT on December 1, 2018. VAP-A detected an almost dispersionless injection of energetic protons related to the substorm onset in the night sector. Then the proton injection was detected by VAP-B and further by Arase, as a dispersive enhancement of energetic proton flux. The proton flux enhancement at every spacecraft coincided with the EMIC wave enhancement or appearance. This data show the excitation of EMIC waves first inside an expanding substorm wedge and then by a drifting cloud of injected protons. Low-orbiting NOAA/POES and MetOp satellites observed precipitation of energetic protons nearly conjugate with the EMIC wave observations in the magnetosphere. The proton pitch-angle diffusion coefficient and the strong diffusion regime index were calculated based on the observed wave, plasma, and magnetic field parameters. The diffusion coefficient reaches a maximum at energies corresponding well to the energy range of the observed proton precipitation. The diffusion coefficient values indicated the strong diffusion regime, in agreement with the equality of the trapped and precipitating proton flux at the low-Earth orbit. The growth rate calculations based on the plasma and magnetic field data from both VAP and Arase spacecraft indicated that the detected EMIC waves could be generated in the region of their observation or in its close vicinity.",
author = "Yahnin, {A. G.} and Popova, {T. A.} and Demekhov, {A. G.} and Lubchich, {A. A.} and A. Matsuoka and K. Asamura and Y. Miyoshi and S. Yokota and S. Kasahara and K. Keika and T. Hori and F. Tsuchiya and A. Kumamoto and Y. Kasahara and M. Shoji and Y. Kasaba and S. Nakamura and I. Shinohara and H. Kim and S. Noh and T. Raita",
note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to thank the designers of Van Allen Probes and developers of the instruments (EMFISIS: Craig Kletzing, EFW: John Wygant, HOPE: Herb Funsten, and RBSPICE: Louis Lanzerotti) for the open access to the data. Processing and analysis of the HOPE data were supported by Energetic Particle, Composition, and Thermal Plasma (RBSP-ECT) investigation funded under NASA's Prime Contract NAS5-01072. The authors wish to thank Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory for providing the DMSP/SSUSI data (available from https://ssusi.jhuapl.edu/) and NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center (NGDS) for providing NOAA POES and MetOp data (available from https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/). The authors gratefully acknowledge the SuperMAG (PI J. W. Gjerloev) and the SuperMAG collaborators providing the data used in calculations of SMU and SML indices (available from https://supermag.jhuapl.edu/). Solar wind parameters integrated into the SuperMAG database are obtained from NASA/GSFC's OMNI data set through OMNIWeb. The authors thank the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) in Saint-Petersburg, Russia for supporting the magnetic observations at station Dixon and the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics in Irkutsk, which maintains the magnetometer observations at the Istok station. The observatory Lovozero belongs to the Polar Geophysical Institute. The authors thank the staff of the observatory for the magnetic observations. The analysis of pulsation magnetometer data was supported by the Academy of Finland (Grant #330783 to Sodankyl{\"a} Geophysical Observatory). The work of A. G. Yahnin, T. A. Popova, and A. G. Demekhov was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant no. 19-52-50025). The work has also been supported by JSPS KAKENHI (JPJSBP120194814, 15H05747, 16H06286, 17H00728, 20H01959, and 20H01955). The work at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) was supported by NSF under Grant AGS-1602560 and the NASA Van Allen Probes RBSPICE instrument project, as supported by JHU/APL Subcontract no. 131803 to NJIT under NASA Prime Contract no. NNN06AA01C. Funding Information: The authors would like to thank the designers of Van Allen Probes and developers of the instruments (EMFISIS: Craig Kletzing, EFW: John Wygant, HOPE: Herb Funsten, and RBSPICE: Louis Lanzerotti) for the open access to the data. Processing and analysis of the HOPE data were supported by Energetic Particle, Composition, and Thermal Plasma (RBSP‐ECT) investigation funded under NASA's Prime Contract NAS5‐01072. The authors wish to thank Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory for providing the DMSP/SSUSI data (available from https://ssusi.jhuapl.edu/ ) and NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center (NGDS) for providing NOAA POES and MetOp data (available from https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/ ). The authors gratefully acknowledge the SuperMAG (PI J. W. Gjerloev) and the SuperMAG collaborators providing the data used in calculations of SMU and SML indices (available from https://supermag.jhuapl.edu/ ). Solar wind parameters integrated into the SuperMAG database are obtained from NASA/GSFC's OMNI data set through OMNIWeb. The authors thank the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) in Saint‐Petersburg, Russia for supporting the magnetic observations at station Dixon and the Institute of Solar‐Terrestrial Physics in Irkutsk, which maintains the magnetometer observations at the Istok station. The observatory Lovozero belongs to the Polar Geophysical Institute. The authors thank the staff of the observatory for the magnetic observations. The analysis of pulsation magnetometer data was supported by the Academy of Finland (Grant #330783 to Sodankyl{\"a} Geophysical Observatory). The work of A. G. Yahnin, T. A. Popova, and A. G. Demekhov was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant no. 19‐52‐50025). The work has also been supported by JSPS KAKENHI (JPJSBP120194814, 15H05747, 16H06286, 17H00728, 20H01959, and 20H01955). The work at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) was supported by NSF under Grant AGS‐1602560 and the NASA Van Allen Probes RBSPICE instrument project, as supported by JHU/APL Subcontract no. 131803 to NJIT under NASA Prime Contract no. NNN06AA01C. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.",
year = "2021",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1029/2020JA029091",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "126",
journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics",
issn = "2169-9380",
number = "7",
}