TY - JOUR
T1 - Geomagnetic Disturbances That Cause GICs
T2 - Investigating Their Interhemispheric Conjugacy and Control by IMF Orientation
AU - Engebretson, Mark J.
AU - Simms, Laura E.
AU - Pilipenko, Viacheslav A.
AU - Bouayed, Lilia
AU - Moldwin, Mark B.
AU - Weygand, James M.
AU - Hartinger, Michael D.
AU - Xu, Zhonghua
AU - Clauer, C. Robert
AU - Coyle, Shane
AU - Willer, Anna N.
AU - Freeman, Mervyn P.
AU - Gerrard, Andy J.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by NSF Grants AGS-2013648 to Augsburg University, AGS-2013433 to the University of Michigan, PLR-1543364, OPP-1744828, AGS-2027210, and AGS-2027168 to Virginia Tech, and OPP-1643700 to the New Jersey Institute of Technology, and Natural Environment Research Council Grant NE/R016038/1 to the British Antarctic Survey. The spherical elementary currents produced by James M. Weygand were made possible by NASA Grants 80NSSC18K1220, 80NSSC18K1227, 80NSSC20K1364, 80NSSC18K0570, NASA Contract 80GSFC17C0018, and NSF GEO-NERC 2027190.
Funding Information:
This research was supported by NSF Grants AGS‐2013648 to Augsburg University, AGS‐2013433 to the University of Michigan, PLR‐1543364, OPP‐1744828, AGS‐2027210, and AGS‐2027168 to Virginia Tech, and OPP‐1643700 to the New Jersey Institute of Technology, and Natural Environment Research Council Grant NE/R016038/1 to the British Antarctic Survey. The spherical elementary currents produced by James M. Weygand were made possible by NASA Grants 80NSSC18K1220, 80NSSC18K1227, 80NSSC20K1364, 80NSSC18K0570, NASA Contract 80GSFC17C0018, and NSF GEO‐NERC 2027190.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022. The Authors.
PY - 2022/10
Y1 - 2022/10
N2 - Nearly all studies of impulsive geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs, also known as magnetic perturbation events MPEs) that can produce dangerous geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) have used data from the northern hemisphere. In this study, we investigated GMD occurrences during the first 6 months of 2016 at four magnetically conjugate high latitude station pairs using data from the Greenland West Coast magnetometer chain and from Antarctic stations in the conjugate AAL-PIP magnetometer chain. Events for statistical analysis and four case studies were selected from Greenland/AAL-PIP data by detecting the presence of >6 nT/s derivatives of any component of the magnetic field at any of the station pairs. For case studies, these chains were supplemented by data from the BAS-LPM chain in Antarctica as well as Pangnirtung and South Pole in order to extend longitudinal coverage to the west. Amplitude comparisons between hemispheres showed (a) a seasonal dependence (larger in the winter hemisphere), and (b) a dependence on the sign of the By component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF): GMDs were larger in the north (south) when IMF By was >0 (<0). A majority of events occurred nearly simultaneously (to within ±3 min) independent of the sign of By as long as |By| ≤ 2 |Bz|. As has been found in earlier studies, IMF Bz was <0 prior to most events. When IMF data from Geotail, Themis B, and/or Themis C in the near-Earth solar wind were used to supplement the time-shifted OMNI IMF data, the consistency of these IMF orientations was improved.
AB - Nearly all studies of impulsive geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs, also known as magnetic perturbation events MPEs) that can produce dangerous geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) have used data from the northern hemisphere. In this study, we investigated GMD occurrences during the first 6 months of 2016 at four magnetically conjugate high latitude station pairs using data from the Greenland West Coast magnetometer chain and from Antarctic stations in the conjugate AAL-PIP magnetometer chain. Events for statistical analysis and four case studies were selected from Greenland/AAL-PIP data by detecting the presence of >6 nT/s derivatives of any component of the magnetic field at any of the station pairs. For case studies, these chains were supplemented by data from the BAS-LPM chain in Antarctica as well as Pangnirtung and South Pole in order to extend longitudinal coverage to the west. Amplitude comparisons between hemispheres showed (a) a seasonal dependence (larger in the winter hemisphere), and (b) a dependence on the sign of the By component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF): GMDs were larger in the north (south) when IMF By was >0 (<0). A majority of events occurred nearly simultaneously (to within ±3 min) independent of the sign of By as long as |By| ≤ 2 |Bz|. As has been found in earlier studies, IMF Bz was <0 prior to most events. When IMF data from Geotail, Themis B, and/or Themis C in the near-Earth solar wind were used to supplement the time-shifted OMNI IMF data, the consistency of these IMF orientations was improved.
KW - GIC
KW - geomagnetic disturbances
KW - geomagnetic storms
KW - geomagnetically induced currents
KW - magnetic conjugacy
KW - magnetic perturbation events
KW - substorms
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85142649474&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85142649474&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1029/2022JA030580
DO - 10.1029/2022JA030580
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85142649474
SN - 2169-9380
VL - 127
JO - Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
JF - Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
IS - 10
M1 - e2022JA030580
ER -