Nanostructured membranes in analytical chemistry

Sample-preparation techniques based on membrane extraction can be highly selective, provide high enrichment and facilitate on-line measurements. Membranes also provide a platform for automated analysis via interfacing with analytical instruments. With the development of nanomaterials, which can serve as nanosorbents or provide specific morphology for selective analyte transport, membrane-based sample preparation may be ready for the next level of breakthrough. This review discusses nanostructured membranes, their fabrication and their potential applications. Of particular interest are carbon-nanotube-based membranes that have found some interesting applications in extraction, pervaporation and distillation.