TY - JOUR
T1 - Radio Measurements of the Magnetic Field in the Solar Chromosphere and the Corona
AU - Alissandrakis, Costas E.
AU - Gary, Dale E.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported in part by NSF grant AST-1910354 to the New Jersey Institute of Technology.
Funding Information:
In preparing this review the authors used publicly available data from a number of instruments: the Nobeyama Radioheliograph (NoRH), the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (SSRT), the RATAN-600 radio telescope, the Michelson Doppler Imager aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO); dynamic spectra were provided by the ARTEMIS/JLS radio spectrograph group. We are grateful to all those that operate these instruments and make their data available to the community. Comments by Dr. L. Klein of Meudon observatory on an early version of the manuscript are gratefully acknowledged. Funding. This work was supported in part by NSF grant AST-1910354 to the New Jersey Institute of Technology.
Publisher Copyright:
© Copyright © 2021 Alissandrakis and Gary.
PY - 2021/1/6
Y1 - 2021/1/6
N2 - The structure of the upper solar atmosphere, on all observable scales, is intimately governed by the magnetic field. The same holds for a variety of solar phenomena that constitute solar activity, from tiny transient brightening to huge Coronal Mass Ejections. Due to inherent difficulties in measuring magnetic field effects on atoms (Zeeman and Hanle effects) in the corona, radio methods sensitive to electrons are of primary importance in obtaining quantitative information about its magnetic field. In this review we explore these methods and point out their advantages and limitations. After a brief presentation of the magneto-ionic theory of wave propagation in cold, collisionless plasmas, we discuss how the magnetic field affects the radio emission produced by incoherent emission mechanisms (free-free, gyroresonance, and gyrosynchrotron processes) and give examples of measurements of magnetic filed parameters in the quiet sun, active regions and radio CMEs. We proceed by discussing how the inversion of the sense of circular polarization can be used to measure the field above active regions. Subsequently we pass to coherent emission mechanisms and present results of measurements from fiber bursts, zebra patterns, and type II burst emission. We close this review with a discussion of the variation of the magnetic field, deduced by radio measurements, from the low corona up to ~ 10 solar radii and with some thoughts about future work.
AB - The structure of the upper solar atmosphere, on all observable scales, is intimately governed by the magnetic field. The same holds for a variety of solar phenomena that constitute solar activity, from tiny transient brightening to huge Coronal Mass Ejections. Due to inherent difficulties in measuring magnetic field effects on atoms (Zeeman and Hanle effects) in the corona, radio methods sensitive to electrons are of primary importance in obtaining quantitative information about its magnetic field. In this review we explore these methods and point out their advantages and limitations. After a brief presentation of the magneto-ionic theory of wave propagation in cold, collisionless plasmas, we discuss how the magnetic field affects the radio emission produced by incoherent emission mechanisms (free-free, gyroresonance, and gyrosynchrotron processes) and give examples of measurements of magnetic filed parameters in the quiet sun, active regions and radio CMEs. We proceed by discussing how the inversion of the sense of circular polarization can be used to measure the field above active regions. Subsequently we pass to coherent emission mechanisms and present results of measurements from fiber bursts, zebra patterns, and type II burst emission. We close this review with a discussion of the variation of the magnetic field, deduced by radio measurements, from the low corona up to ~ 10 solar radii and with some thoughts about future work.
KW - solar chromosphere
KW - solar corona
KW - solar magnetic field
KW - solar radio emission
KW - sun
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85117577191&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85117577191&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3389/fspas.2020.591075
DO - 10.3389/fspas.2020.591075
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85117577191
SN - 2296-987X
VL - 7
JO - Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences
JF - Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences
M1 - 591075
ER -