Review of solar energetic particle models

Kathryn Whitman; Ricky Egeland; Ian G. Richardson; Clayton Allison; Philip Quinn; Janet Barzilla; Irina Kitiashvili; Viacheslav Sadykov; Hazel M. Bain; Mark Dierckxsens; M. Leila Mays; Tilaye Tadesse; Kerry T. Lee; Edward Semones; Janet G. Luhmann; Marlon Núñez; Stephen M. White; Stephen W. Kahler; Alan G. Ling; Don F. Smart; Margaret A. Shea; Valeriy Tenishev; Soukaina F. Boubrahimi; Berkay Aydin; Petrus Martens; Rafal Angryk; Michael S. Marsh; Silvia Dalla; Norma Crosby; Nathan A. Schwadron; Kamen Kozarev; Matthew Gorby; Matthew A. Young; Monica Laurenza; Edward W. Cliver; Tommaso Alberti; Mirko Stumpo; Simone Benella; Athanasios Papaioannou; Anastasios Anastasiadis; Ingmar Sandberg; Manolis K. Georgoulis; Anli Ji; Dustin Kempton; Chetraj Pandey; Gang Li; Junxiang Hu; Gary P. Zank; Eleni Lavasa; Giorgos Giannopoulos; David Falconer; Yash Kadadi; Ian Fernandes; Maher A. Dayeh; Andrés Muñoz-Jaramillo; Subhamoy Chatterjee; Kimberly D. Moreland; Igor V. Sokolov; Ilia I. Roussev; Aleksandre Taktakishvili; Frederic Effenberger; Tamas Gombosi; Zhenguang Huang; Lulu Zhao; Nicolas Wijsen; Angels Aran; Stefaan Poedts; Athanasios Kouloumvakos; Miikka Paassilta; Rami Vainio; Anatoly Belov; Eugenia A. Eroshenko; Maria A. Abunina; Artem A. Abunin; Christopher C. Balch; Olga Malandraki; Michalis Karavolos; Bernd Heber; Johannes Labrenz; Patrick Kühl; Alexander G. Kosovichev; Vincent Oria; Gelu M. Nita; Egor Illarionov; Patrick M. O'Keefe; Yucheng Jiang; Sheldon H. Fereira; Aatiya Ali; Evangelos Paouris; Sigiava Aminalragia-Giamini; Piers Jiggens; Meng Jin; Christina O. Lee; Erika Palmerio; Alessandro Bruno; Spiridon Kasapis; Xiantong Wang; Yang Chen; Blai Sanahuja; David Lario; Carla Jacobs; Du Toit Strauss; Ruhann Steyn; Jabus van den Berg; Bill Swalwell; Charlotte Waterfall; Mohamed Nedal; Rositsa Miteva; Momchil Dechev; Pietro Zucca; Alec Engell; Brianna Maze; Harold Farmer; Thuha Kerber; Ben Barnett; Jeremy Loomis; Nathan Grey; Barbara J. Thompson; Jon A. Linker; Ronald M. Caplan; Cooper Downs; Tibor Török; Roberto Lionello; Viacheslav Titov; Ming Zhang; Pouya Hosseinzadeh

doi:10.1016/j.asr.2022.08.006

Review of solar energetic particle models

Kathryn Whitman, Ricky Egeland, Ian G. Richardson, Clayton Allison, Philip Quinn, Janet Barzilla, Irina Kitiashvili, Viacheslav Sadykov, Hazel M. Bain, Mark Dierckxsens, M. Leila Mays, Tilaye Tadesse, Kerry T. Lee, Edward Semones, Janet G. Luhmann, Marlon Núñez, Stephen M. White, Stephen W. Kahler, Alan G. Ling, Don F. SmartMargaret A. Shea, Valeriy Tenishev, Soukaina F. Boubrahimi, Berkay Aydin, Petrus Martens, Rafal Angryk, Michael S. Marsh, Silvia Dalla, Norma Crosby, Nathan A. Schwadron, Kamen Kozarev, Matthew Gorby, Matthew A. Young, Monica Laurenza, Edward W. Cliver, Tommaso Alberti, Mirko Stumpo, Simone Benella, Athanasios Papaioannou, Anastasios Anastasiadis, Ingmar Sandberg, Manolis K. Georgoulis, Anli Ji, Dustin Kempton, Chetraj Pandey, Gang Li, Junxiang Hu, Gary P. Zank, Eleni Lavasa, Giorgos Giannopoulos, David Falconer, Yash Kadadi, Ian Fernandes, Maher A. Dayeh, Andrés Muñoz-Jaramillo, Subhamoy Chatterjee, Kimberly D. Moreland, Igor V. Sokolov, Ilia I. Roussev, Aleksandre Taktakishvili, Frederic Effenberger, Tamas Gombosi, Zhenguang Huang, Lulu Zhao, Nicolas Wijsen, Angels Aran, Stefaan Poedts, Athanasios Kouloumvakos, Miikka Paassilta, Rami Vainio, Anatoly Belov, Eugenia A. Eroshenko, Maria A. Abunina, Artem A. Abunin, Christopher C. Balch, Olga Malandraki, Michalis Karavolos, Bernd Heber, Johannes Labrenz, Patrick Kühl, Alexander G. Kosovichev, Vincent Oria, Gelu M. Nita, Egor Illarionov, Patrick M. O'Keefe, Yucheng Jiang, Sheldon H. Fereira, Aatiya Ali, Evangelos Paouris, Sigiava Aminalragia-Giamini, Piers Jiggens, Meng Jin, Christina O. Lee, Erika Palmerio, Alessandro Bruno, Spiridon Kasapis, Xiantong Wang, Yang Chen, Blai Sanahuja, David Lario, Carla Jacobs, Du Toit Strauss, Ruhann Steyn, Jabus van den Berg, Bill Swalwell, Charlotte Waterfall, Mohamed Nedal, Rositsa Miteva, Momchil Dechev, Pietro Zucca, Alec Engell, Brianna Maze, Harold Farmer, Thuha Kerber, Ben Barnett, Jeremy Loomis, Nathan Grey, Barbara J. Thompson, Jon A. Linker, Ronald M. Caplan, Cooper Downs, Tibor Török, Roberto Lionello, Viacheslav Titov, Ming Zhang, Pouya Hosseinzadeh

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events are interesting from a scientific perspective as they are the product of a broad set of physical processes from the corona out through the extent of the heliosphere, and provide insight into processes of particle acceleration and transport that are widely applicable in astrophysics. From the operations perspective, SEP events pose a radiation hazard for aviation, electronics in space, and human space exploration, in particular for missions outside of the Earth's protective magnetosphere including to the Moon and Mars. Thus, it is critical to improve the scientific understanding of SEP events and use this understanding to develop and improve SEP forecasting capabilities to support operations. Many SEP models exist or are in development using a wide variety of approaches and with differing goals. These include computationally intensive physics-based models, fast and light empirical models, machine learning-based models, and mixed-model approaches. The aim of this paper is to summarize all of the SEP models currently developed in the scientific community, including a description of model approach, inputs and outputs, free parameters, and any published validations or comparisons with data.

Original language	English (US)
Journal	Advances in Space Research
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2022.08.006
State	Accepted/In press - 2022

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Aerospace Engineering
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Geophysics
Atmospheric Science
Space and Planetary Science
Earth and Planetary Sciences(all)

Keywords

SEP models
Solar energetic particles
Space radiation
Space weather forecasting
Space weather models

Access to Document

10.1016/j.asr.2022.08.006

Cite this

Whitman, K., Egeland, R., Richardson, I. G., Allison, C., Quinn, P., Barzilla, J., Kitiashvili, I., Sadykov, V., Bain, H. M., Dierckxsens, M., Mays, M. L., Tadesse, T., Lee, K. T., Semones, E., Luhmann, J. G., Núñez, M., White, S. M., Kahler, S. W., Ling, A. G., ... Hosseinzadeh, P. (Accepted/In press). Review of solar energetic particle models. Advances in Space Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2022.08.006

@article{ebe7542fe08646629d24fe006a27f16e,

title = "Review of solar energetic particle models",

abstract = "Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events are interesting from a scientific perspective as they are the product of a broad set of physical processes from the corona out through the extent of the heliosphere, and provide insight into processes of particle acceleration and transport that are widely applicable in astrophysics. From the operations perspective, SEP events pose a radiation hazard for aviation, electronics in space, and human space exploration, in particular for missions outside of the Earth's protective magnetosphere including to the Moon and Mars. Thus, it is critical to improve the scientific understanding of SEP events and use this understanding to develop and improve SEP forecasting capabilities to support operations. Many SEP models exist or are in development using a wide variety of approaches and with differing goals. These include computationally intensive physics-based models, fast and light empirical models, machine learning-based models, and mixed-model approaches. The aim of this paper is to summarize all of the SEP models currently developed in the scientific community, including a description of model approach, inputs and outputs, free parameters, and any published validations or comparisons with data.",

keywords = "SEP models, Solar energetic particles, Space radiation, Space weather forecasting, Space weather models",

author = "Kathryn Whitman and Ricky Egeland and Richardson, {Ian G.} and Clayton Allison and Philip Quinn and Janet Barzilla and Irina Kitiashvili and Viacheslav Sadykov and Bain, {Hazel M.} and Mark Dierckxsens and Mays, {M. Leila} and Tilaye Tadesse and Lee, {Kerry T.} and Edward Semones and Luhmann, {Janet G.} and Marlon N{\'u}{\~n}ez and White, {Stephen M.} and Kahler, {Stephen W.} and Ling, {Alan G.} and Smart, {Don F.} and Shea, {Margaret A.} and Valeriy Tenishev and Boubrahimi, {Soukaina F.} and Berkay Aydin and Petrus Martens and Rafal Angryk and Marsh, {Michael S.} and Silvia Dalla and Norma Crosby and Schwadron, {Nathan A.} and Kamen Kozarev and Matthew Gorby and Young, {Matthew A.} and Monica Laurenza and Cliver, {Edward W.} and Tommaso Alberti and Mirko Stumpo and Simone Benella and Athanasios Papaioannou and Anastasios Anastasiadis and Ingmar Sandberg and Georgoulis, {Manolis K.} and Anli Ji and Dustin Kempton and Chetraj Pandey and Gang Li and Junxiang Hu and Zank, {Gary P.} and Eleni Lavasa and Giorgos Giannopoulos and David Falconer and Yash Kadadi and Ian Fernandes and Dayeh, {Maher A.} and Andr{\'e}s Mu{\~n}oz-Jaramillo and Subhamoy Chatterjee and Moreland, {Kimberly D.} and Sokolov, {Igor V.} and Roussev, {Ilia I.} and Aleksandre Taktakishvili and Frederic Effenberger and Tamas Gombosi and Zhenguang Huang and Lulu Zhao and Nicolas Wijsen and Angels Aran and Stefaan Poedts and Athanasios Kouloumvakos and Miikka Paassilta and Rami Vainio and Anatoly Belov and Eroshenko, {Eugenia A.} and Abunina, {Maria A.} and Abunin, {Artem A.} and Balch, {Christopher C.} and Olga Malandraki and Michalis Karavolos and Bernd Heber and Johannes Labrenz and Patrick K{\"u}hl and Kosovichev, {Alexander G.} and Vincent Oria and Nita, {Gelu M.} and Egor Illarionov and O'Keefe, {Patrick M.} and Yucheng Jiang and Fereira, {Sheldon H.} and Aatiya Ali and Evangelos Paouris and Sigiava Aminalragia-Giamini and Piers Jiggens and Meng Jin and Lee, {Christina O.} and Erika Palmerio and Alessandro Bruno and Spiridon Kasapis and Xiantong Wang and Yang Chen and Blai Sanahuja and David Lario and Carla Jacobs and Strauss, {Du Toit} and Ruhann Steyn and {van den Berg}, Jabus and Bill Swalwell and Charlotte Waterfall and Mohamed Nedal and Rositsa Miteva and Momchil Dechev and Pietro Zucca and Alec Engell and Brianna Maze and Harold Farmer and Thuha Kerber and Ben Barnett and Jeremy Loomis and Nathan Grey and Thompson, {Barbara J.} and Linker, {Jon A.} and Caplan, {Ronald M.} and Cooper Downs and Tibor T{\"o}r{\"o}k and Roberto Lionello and Viacheslav Titov and Ming Zhang and Pouya Hosseinzadeh",

note = "Funding Information: JGL and COL acknowledge support for the SEPMOD model development for CCMC under National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Grant/Cooperative Agreement 80NSSC20K1873 from GSFC to UCB/SSL, with additional support to COL from AFOSR Grant FA9550-16–1-0418. Funding Information: PARADISE has received funding from the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 870405 (EUHFORIA 2.0) and the ESA project {"}Heliospheric modelling techniques“ (Contract No. 4000133080/20/NL/CRS). The code was developed in the framework of the projects C14/19/089 (C1 project Internal Funds KU Leuven), G.0D07.19N (FWO-Vlaanderen), SIDC Data Exploitation (ESA Prodex-12), and Belspo project B2/191/P1/SWiM. Funding Information: SEPSTER2D was funded by the NASA/HSR program NNH19ZDA001NHSR, the Goddard Space Flight Center / Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) grant HISFM18, and the Johnson Space Center / Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG) under the Integrated Solar Energetic Proton Alert/Warning System (ISEP) project. Funding Information: SEPSTER was supported by the NASA Living With a Star Program (grants NNX15AB80G and NNG06EO90A), and by the CCMC/SRAG ISEP project. Funding Information: SD and CW acknowledge support from NERC via grant NE/V002864/1. Funding Information: The ISEP project is supported by the Advanced Exploration Systems Division under the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate of NASA and performed in support of the Human Health and Performance Contract for NASA (NNJ15HK11B). Funding Information: SOLPENCO was funded by the ESA contract 14098/99/NL/MM and its validation by the Spanish Ministerio de Educaci{\'o}n y Ciencia under the project AYA2004-03022. Funding Information: The ISEP project is supported by the Advanced Exploration Systems Division under the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate of NASA and performed in support of the Human Health and Performance Contract for NASA (NNJ15HK11B). The HESPERIA project was funded through the European Union's HORIZON 2020 research and Innovation Programme (Contract No 637324) and coordinated by the National Observatory of Athens in Greece. PARADISE has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 870405 (EUHFORIA 2.0) and the ESA project {"}Heliospheric modelling techniques“ (Contract No. 4000133080/20/NL/CRS). The code was developed in the framework of the projects C14/19/089 (C1 project Internal Funds KU Leuven), G.0D07.19N (FWO-Vlaanderen), SIDC Data Exploitation (ESA Prodex-12), and Belspo project B2/191/P1/SWiM. Predictive Science Inc. was supported by NASA grants 80NSSC19K0067 and 80NSSC20K0285, and NSF grant ICER1854790. The development of the Sadykov et al. model was supported by NASA ESI grant 80NSSC20K0302 and NSF FDSS grant 1936361. JGL and COL acknowledge support for the SEPMOD model development for CCMC under National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Grant/Cooperative Agreement 80NSSC20K1873 from GSFC to UCB/SSL, with additional support to COL from AFOSR Grant FA9550-16–1-0418. SEPSTER was supported by the NASA Living With a Star Program (grants NNX15AB80G and NNG06EO90A), and by the CCMC/SRAG ISEP project. SEPSTER2D was funded by the NASA/HSR program NNH19ZDA001NHSR, the Goddard Space Flight Center / Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) grant HISFM18, and the Johnson Space Center / Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG) under the Integrated Solar Energetic Proton Alert/Warning System (ISEP) project. SOLPENCO was funded by the ESA contract 14098/99/NL/MM and its validation by the Spanish Ministerio de Educaci{\'o}n y Ciencia under the project AYA2004-03022. SOLPENCO2 was developed under ESA's SEPEM project (Crosby et al. 2015) and updated during ESA's SOL2UP project (Aran et al. 2017), both projects under ESA's contract n. 20162/06/NL/JD and 4000114116/15/NL/HK, respectively. SPARX was initially developed as part of the European Union-funded Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) COMESEP project. The development of the SPREADFAST framework has been funded by a contract to the ESA. SD and CW acknowledge support from NERC via grant NE/V002864/1. Funding Information: The development of the Sadykov et al. model was supported by NASA ESI grant 80NSSC20K0302 and NSF FDSS grant 1936361. Funding Information: Predictive Science Inc. was supported by NASA grants 80NSSC19K0067 and 80NSSC20K0285, and NSF grant ICER1854790. Funding Information: The HESPERIA project was funded through the European Union{\textquoteright}s HORIZON 2020 research and Innovation Programme (Contract No 637324) and coordinated by the National Observatory of Athens in Greece. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 COSPAR",

year = "2022",

doi = "10.1016/j.asr.2022.08.006",

language = "English (US)",

journal = "Advances in Space Research",

issn = "0273-1177",

publisher = "Elsevier Limited",

}

Whitman, K, Egeland, R, Richardson, IG, Allison, C, Quinn, P, Barzilla, J, Kitiashvili, I, Sadykov, V, Bain, HM, Dierckxsens, M, Mays, ML, Tadesse, T, Lee, KT, Semones, E, Luhmann, JG, Núñez, M, White, SM, Kahler, SW, Ling, AG, Smart, DF, Shea, MA, Tenishev, V, Boubrahimi, SF, Aydin, B, Martens, P, Angryk, R, Marsh, MS, Dalla, S, Crosby, N, Schwadron, NA, Kozarev, K, Gorby, M, Young, MA, Laurenza, M, Cliver, EW, Alberti, T, Stumpo, M, Benella, S, Papaioannou, A, Anastasiadis, A, Sandberg, I, Georgoulis, MK, Ji, A, Kempton, D, Pandey, C, Li, G, Hu, J, Zank, GP, Lavasa, E, Giannopoulos, G, Falconer, D, Kadadi, Y, Fernandes, I, Dayeh, MA, Muñoz-Jaramillo, A, Chatterjee, S, Moreland, KD, Sokolov, IV, Roussev, II, Taktakishvili, A, Effenberger, F, Gombosi, T, Huang, Z, Zhao, L, Wijsen, N, Aran, A, Poedts, S, Kouloumvakos, A, Paassilta, M, Vainio, R, Belov, A, Eroshenko, EA, Abunina, MA, Abunin, AA, Balch, CC, Malandraki, O, Karavolos, M, Heber, B, Labrenz, J, Kühl, P, Kosovichev, AG , Oria, V , Nita, GM, Illarionov, E, O'Keefe, PM, Jiang, Y, Fereira, SH, Ali, A, Paouris, E, Aminalragia-Giamini, S, Jiggens, P, Jin, M, Lee, CO, Palmerio, E, Bruno, A, Kasapis, S, Wang, X, Chen, Y, Sanahuja, B, Lario, D, Jacobs, C, Strauss, DT, Steyn, R, van den Berg, J, Swalwell, B, Waterfall, C, Nedal, M, Miteva, R, Dechev, M, Zucca, P, Engell, A, Maze, B, Farmer, H, Kerber, T, Barnett, B, Loomis, J, Grey, N, Thompson, BJ, Linker, JA, Caplan, RM, Downs, C, Török, T, Lionello, R, Titov, V, Zhang, M & Hosseinzadeh, P 2022, 'Review of solar energetic particle models', Advances in Space Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2022.08.006

TY - JOUR

T1 - Review of solar energetic particle models

AU - Whitman, Kathryn

AU - Egeland, Ricky

AU - Richardson, Ian G.

AU - Allison, Clayton

AU - Quinn, Philip

AU - Barzilla, Janet

AU - Kitiashvili, Irina

AU - Sadykov, Viacheslav

AU - Bain, Hazel M.

AU - Dierckxsens, Mark

AU - Mays, M. Leila

AU - Tadesse, Tilaye

AU - Lee, Kerry T.

AU - Semones, Edward

AU - Luhmann, Janet G.

AU - Núñez, Marlon

AU - White, Stephen M.

AU - Kahler, Stephen W.

AU - Ling, Alan G.

AU - Smart, Don F.

AU - Shea, Margaret A.

AU - Tenishev, Valeriy

AU - Boubrahimi, Soukaina F.

AU - Aydin, Berkay

AU - Martens, Petrus

AU - Angryk, Rafal

AU - Marsh, Michael S.

AU - Dalla, Silvia

AU - Crosby, Norma

AU - Schwadron, Nathan A.

AU - Kozarev, Kamen

AU - Gorby, Matthew

AU - Young, Matthew A.

AU - Laurenza, Monica

AU - Cliver, Edward W.

AU - Alberti, Tommaso

AU - Stumpo, Mirko

AU - Benella, Simone

AU - Papaioannou, Athanasios

AU - Anastasiadis, Anastasios

AU - Sandberg, Ingmar

AU - Georgoulis, Manolis K.

AU - Ji, Anli

AU - Kempton, Dustin

AU - Pandey, Chetraj

AU - Li, Gang

AU - Hu, Junxiang

AU - Zank, Gary P.

AU - Lavasa, Eleni

AU - Giannopoulos, Giorgos

AU - Falconer, David

AU - Kadadi, Yash

AU - Fernandes, Ian

AU - Dayeh, Maher A.

AU - Muñoz-Jaramillo, Andrés

AU - Chatterjee, Subhamoy

AU - Moreland, Kimberly D.

AU - Sokolov, Igor V.

AU - Roussev, Ilia I.

AU - Taktakishvili, Aleksandre

AU - Effenberger, Frederic

AU - Gombosi, Tamas

AU - Huang, Zhenguang

AU - Zhao, Lulu

AU - Wijsen, Nicolas

AU - Aran, Angels

AU - Poedts, Stefaan

AU - Kouloumvakos, Athanasios

AU - Paassilta, Miikka

AU - Vainio, Rami

AU - Belov, Anatoly

AU - Eroshenko, Eugenia A.

AU - Abunina, Maria A.

AU - Abunin, Artem A.

AU - Balch, Christopher C.

AU - Malandraki, Olga

AU - Karavolos, Michalis

AU - Heber, Bernd

AU - Labrenz, Johannes

AU - Kühl, Patrick

AU - Kosovichev, Alexander G.

AU - Oria, Vincent

AU - Nita, Gelu M.

AU - Illarionov, Egor

AU - O'Keefe, Patrick M.

AU - Jiang, Yucheng

AU - Fereira, Sheldon H.

AU - Ali, Aatiya

AU - Paouris, Evangelos

AU - Aminalragia-Giamini, Sigiava

AU - Jiggens, Piers

AU - Jin, Meng

AU - Lee, Christina O.

AU - Palmerio, Erika

AU - Bruno, Alessandro

AU - Kasapis, Spiridon

AU - Wang, Xiantong

AU - Chen, Yang

AU - Sanahuja, Blai

AU - Lario, David

AU - Jacobs, Carla

AU - Strauss, Du Toit

AU - Steyn, Ruhann

AU - van den Berg, Jabus

AU - Swalwell, Bill

AU - Waterfall, Charlotte

AU - Nedal, Mohamed

AU - Miteva, Rositsa

AU - Dechev, Momchil

AU - Zucca, Pietro

AU - Engell, Alec

AU - Maze, Brianna

AU - Farmer, Harold

AU - Kerber, Thuha

AU - Barnett, Ben

AU - Loomis, Jeremy

AU - Grey, Nathan

AU - Thompson, Barbara J.

AU - Linker, Jon A.

AU - Caplan, Ronald M.

AU - Downs, Cooper

AU - Török, Tibor

AU - Lionello, Roberto

AU - Titov, Viacheslav

AU - Zhang, Ming

AU - Hosseinzadeh, Pouya

N1 - Funding Information: JGL and COL acknowledge support for the SEPMOD model development for CCMC under National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Grant/Cooperative Agreement 80NSSC20K1873 from GSFC to UCB/SSL, with additional support to COL from AFOSR Grant FA9550-16–1-0418. Funding Information: PARADISE has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 870405 (EUHFORIA 2.0) and the ESA project "Heliospheric modelling techniques“ (Contract No. 4000133080/20/NL/CRS). The code was developed in the framework of the projects C14/19/089 (C1 project Internal Funds KU Leuven), G.0D07.19N (FWO-Vlaanderen), SIDC Data Exploitation (ESA Prodex-12), and Belspo project B2/191/P1/SWiM. Funding Information: SEPSTER2D was funded by the NASA/HSR program NNH19ZDA001NHSR, the Goddard Space Flight Center / Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) grant HISFM18, and the Johnson Space Center / Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG) under the Integrated Solar Energetic Proton Alert/Warning System (ISEP) project. Funding Information: SEPSTER was supported by the NASA Living With a Star Program (grants NNX15AB80G and NNG06EO90A), and by the CCMC/SRAG ISEP project. Funding Information: SD and CW acknowledge support from NERC via grant NE/V002864/1. Funding Information: The ISEP project is supported by the Advanced Exploration Systems Division under the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate of NASA and performed in support of the Human Health and Performance Contract for NASA (NNJ15HK11B). Funding Information: SOLPENCO was funded by the ESA contract 14098/99/NL/MM and its validation by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia under the project AYA2004-03022. Funding Information: The ISEP project is supported by the Advanced Exploration Systems Division under the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate of NASA and performed in support of the Human Health and Performance Contract for NASA (NNJ15HK11B). The HESPERIA project was funded through the European Union's HORIZON 2020 research and Innovation Programme (Contract No 637324) and coordinated by the National Observatory of Athens in Greece. PARADISE has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 870405 (EUHFORIA 2.0) and the ESA project "Heliospheric modelling techniques“ (Contract No. 4000133080/20/NL/CRS). The code was developed in the framework of the projects C14/19/089 (C1 project Internal Funds KU Leuven), G.0D07.19N (FWO-Vlaanderen), SIDC Data Exploitation (ESA Prodex-12), and Belspo project B2/191/P1/SWiM. Predictive Science Inc. was supported by NASA grants 80NSSC19K0067 and 80NSSC20K0285, and NSF grant ICER1854790. The development of the Sadykov et al. model was supported by NASA ESI grant 80NSSC20K0302 and NSF FDSS grant 1936361. JGL and COL acknowledge support for the SEPMOD model development for CCMC under National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Grant/Cooperative Agreement 80NSSC20K1873 from GSFC to UCB/SSL, with additional support to COL from AFOSR Grant FA9550-16–1-0418. SEPSTER was supported by the NASA Living With a Star Program (grants NNX15AB80G and NNG06EO90A), and by the CCMC/SRAG ISEP project. SEPSTER2D was funded by the NASA/HSR program NNH19ZDA001NHSR, the Goddard Space Flight Center / Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) grant HISFM18, and the Johnson Space Center / Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG) under the Integrated Solar Energetic Proton Alert/Warning System (ISEP) project. SOLPENCO was funded by the ESA contract 14098/99/NL/MM and its validation by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia under the project AYA2004-03022. SOLPENCO2 was developed under ESA's SEPEM project (Crosby et al. 2015) and updated during ESA's SOL2UP project (Aran et al. 2017), both projects under ESA's contract n. 20162/06/NL/JD and 4000114116/15/NL/HK, respectively. SPARX was initially developed as part of the European Union-funded Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) COMESEP project. The development of the SPREADFAST framework has been funded by a contract to the ESA. SD and CW acknowledge support from NERC via grant NE/V002864/1. Funding Information: The development of the Sadykov et al. model was supported by NASA ESI grant 80NSSC20K0302 and NSF FDSS grant 1936361. Funding Information: Predictive Science Inc. was supported by NASA grants 80NSSC19K0067 and 80NSSC20K0285, and NSF grant ICER1854790. Funding Information: The HESPERIA project was funded through the European Union’s HORIZON 2020 research and Innovation Programme (Contract No 637324) and coordinated by the National Observatory of Athens in Greece. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 COSPAR

PY - 2022

Y1 - 2022

N2 - Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events are interesting from a scientific perspective as they are the product of a broad set of physical processes from the corona out through the extent of the heliosphere, and provide insight into processes of particle acceleration and transport that are widely applicable in astrophysics. From the operations perspective, SEP events pose a radiation hazard for aviation, electronics in space, and human space exploration, in particular for missions outside of the Earth's protective magnetosphere including to the Moon and Mars. Thus, it is critical to improve the scientific understanding of SEP events and use this understanding to develop and improve SEP forecasting capabilities to support operations. Many SEP models exist or are in development using a wide variety of approaches and with differing goals. These include computationally intensive physics-based models, fast and light empirical models, machine learning-based models, and mixed-model approaches. The aim of this paper is to summarize all of the SEP models currently developed in the scientific community, including a description of model approach, inputs and outputs, free parameters, and any published validations or comparisons with data.

AB - Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events are interesting from a scientific perspective as they are the product of a broad set of physical processes from the corona out through the extent of the heliosphere, and provide insight into processes of particle acceleration and transport that are widely applicable in astrophysics. From the operations perspective, SEP events pose a radiation hazard for aviation, electronics in space, and human space exploration, in particular for missions outside of the Earth's protective magnetosphere including to the Moon and Mars. Thus, it is critical to improve the scientific understanding of SEP events and use this understanding to develop and improve SEP forecasting capabilities to support operations. Many SEP models exist or are in development using a wide variety of approaches and with differing goals. These include computationally intensive physics-based models, fast and light empirical models, machine learning-based models, and mixed-model approaches. The aim of this paper is to summarize all of the SEP models currently developed in the scientific community, including a description of model approach, inputs and outputs, free parameters, and any published validations or comparisons with data.

KW - SEP models

KW - Solar energetic particles

KW - Space radiation

KW - Space weather forecasting

KW - Space weather models

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U2 - 10.1016/j.asr.2022.08.006

DO - 10.1016/j.asr.2022.08.006

M3 - Review article

AN - SCOPUS:85138567209

SN - 0273-1177

JO - Advances in Space Research

JF - Advances in Space Research

ER -

Review of solar energetic particle models

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