@article{8bbc0f1d66fa4d718a08a408d30e3b5e,
title = "Similarly Expanded Bilateral Temporal Lobe Volumes in Female and Male Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder",
abstract = "Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is more prevalent in male than female individuals. Very few studies have examined sex modulations of brain anatomical differences between individuals with ASD and typically developing (TD) individuals, especially in children. The current study aimed to identify sex-dependent and/or sex-independent neuroanatomical mechanisms underlying ASD. Methods Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange. A 2 (diagnosis) × 2 (sex) design was used. Subjects whose ages were between 6 and 20 years were included for analysis, with matched full-scale IQ between groups for each dataset. The resulting effective numbers of subjects were 36 female subjects with ASD, 54 TD female subjects, 182 male subjects with ASD, and 172 TD male subjects. Twenty independent gray matter (GM) and 20 white matter (WM) volume sources were estimated using source-based morphometry. Results Among all the independent GM and WM sources, none of them showed a significant diagnosis by sex interaction. One GM source of the bilateral inferior and middle temporal lobe showed a significantly larger volume in ASD than TD individuals and in male than in female subjects. This diagnosis effect was age sensitive and was present only in participants between 8 and 14 years of age. Conclusions Only sex-independent, large-scale neuroanatomical alterations could be observed in children with ASD. The directionality of bilateral temporal GM alterations was in line with the prediction of the extreme male brain hypothesis, supporting the view that similar neurobiological mechanisms may drive sexual dimorphism and the onset of ASD.",
keywords = "Autism, Brain volume, Extreme male brain theory, Female, Sex, Temporal lobe",
author = "Xin Di and Biswal, {Bharat B.}",
note = "Funding Information: JL has received research grants from Novartis and travel grants from Pfizer and Cephalon. Funding Information: This project was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), via Cochrane Infrastructure funding to the CGNOG. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Systematic Reviews Programme, NIHR, National Health Service or the Department of Health. Funding Information: PD has been a consultant to Gilead Sciences, Ipsat Therapies and Pfizer, has received research grants from AM-Pharma, Basilea Pharmaceutica and Schering-Plough, has been a member of a speakers' bureau for Gilead Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Schering-Plough, and Xian-Janssen and has received travel grants from Merck, Sharpe & Dohme and UCB Pharma. Funding Information: LK has been an adviser to Astellas, Gilead, Schering-Plough, has received research grants from Gilead, Merck, Sharpe & Dohme, Schering-Plough and has received honoraria for educational lectures from Gilead, Pfizer, Merck, Sharpe & Dohme, Schering-Plough and Janssen. Funding Information: BLJ has been an advisor to Gilead, MSD, Astellas and Pfizer; has received research grants from Gilead, Astellas, Pfizer, Janssen and MSD; has received honoraria for educational lectures from Gilead, MSD and Pfizer; and owns stock in Gilead, MSD and Pfizer. Funding Information: The project was also supported by the Fungal PCR Initiative (FPCRI), a branch of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM). Members of the FPCRI Aspergillus clinical translational group are: Rosemary Barnes; Dieter Buchheidt; Catherine Cordonnier; Mario Cruciani; Werner Heinz; Brian Jones; Lena Klingspor; Deborah Lockhart; Johan Maertens; Tom Rogers; Adilia Warris; and Lewis White. Funding Information: RAB has been a consultant to Astellas Pharma, Gilead Sciences, Merck, Sharpe & Dohme, Pfizer and Schering-Plough, has received a research grant from Pfizer, has been a member of a speakers' bureau for Astellas Pharma, Gilead Sciences, Merck, Sharpe & Dohme, Pfizer and Schering-Plough, and has received travel grants from Astellas Pharma, Gilead Sciences, Merck, Sharpe & Dohme, Pfizer and Schering-Plough. Funding Information: JM has served as consultant to Schering-Plough, Gilead Sciences, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Bio-Rad, Fujisawa healthcare, Astellas, Nextar and Zeneus (Cephalon), has received research funding from Bio-Rad, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, and Pfizer, and has been on the speakers' bureau for Schering-Plough, Gilead Sciences, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Bio-Rad, Fujisawa healthcare, Astellas and Zeneus (Cephalon). Funding Information: We would like to thank Gail Quinn, Managing Editor of the Cochrane Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancer Group (CGNOG) for continuous support throughout the editorial phase. We would also like to thank Jane Hayes and Joanne Platt, Information Managers of CGNOG, for bibliographical searches. We thank all authors of the included studies who answered our questions and provided additional data. This project was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), via Cochrane Infrastructure funding to the CGNOG. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Systematic Reviews Programme, NIHR, National Health Service or the Department of Health. The project was also supported by the Fungal PCR Initiative (FPCRI), a branch of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM). Members of the FPCRI Aspergillus clinical translational group are: Rosemary Barnes; Dieter Buchheidt; Catherine Cordonnier; Mario Cruciani; Werner Heinz; Brian Jones; Lena Klingspor; Deborah Lockhart; Johan Maertens; Tom Rogers; Adilia Warris; and Lewis White. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2016 Society of Biological Psychiatry.",
year = "2016",
month = feb,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.11.006",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "1",
pages = "178--185",
journal = "Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging",
issn = "2451-9022",
publisher = "Elsevier Inc.",
number = "2",
}