@article{2066cc611dd3431a8a01b669741798ca,
title = "Skeletal and muscular pelvic morphology of hillstream loaches (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae)",
abstract = "The rheophilic hillstream loaches (Balitoridae) of South and Southeast Asia possess a range of pelvic girdle morphologies, which may be attributed to adaptations for locomotion against rapidly flowing water. Specifically, the connectivity of the pelvic plate (basipterygium) to the vertebral column via a sacral rib, and the relative size and shape of the sacral rib, fall within a spectrum of three discrete morphotypes: long, narrow rib that meets the basipterygium; thicker, slightly curved rib meeting the basipterygium; and robust crested rib interlocking with the basipterygium. Species in this third category with more robust sacral rib connections between the basipterygium and vertebral column are capable of walking out of water with a tetrapod-like lateral-sequence, diagonal-couplet gait. This behavior has not been observed in species lacking direct skeletal connection between the vertebrae and the pelvis. The phylogenetic positions of the morphotypes were visualized by matching the morphological features onto a novel hypothesis of relationships for the family Balitoridae. The morphotypes determined through skeletal morphology were correlated with patterns observed in the pelvic muscle morphology of these fishes. Transitions towards increasingly robust pelvic girdle attachment were coincident with a more anterior origin on the basipterygium and more lateral insertion of the muscles on the fin rays, along with a reduction of the superficial abductors and adductors with more posterior insertions. These modifications are expected to provide a mechanical advantage for generating force against the ground. Inclusion of the enigmatic cave-adapted balitorid Cryptotora thamicola into the most data-rich balitorid phylogeny reveals its closest relatives, providing insight into the origin of the skeletal connection between the axial skeleton and basipterygium.",
keywords = "computed tomography, fish, musculature, pelvic morphology, phylogeny, walking",
author = "Crawford, {Callie H.} and Randall, {Zachary S.} and Hart, {Pamela B.} and Page, {Lawrence M.} and Prosanta Chakrabarty and Apinun Suvarnaraksha and Flammang, {Brooke E.}",
note = "Funding Information: American Museum of Natural History (Lerner‐Gray Grant for Marine Research); American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (Raney Fund Award); Duke University (Research Triangle Nanotechnology Network Free‐Use); National Science Foundation, Grant/Award Number: 1839915; Sigma Xi (Grants in Aid of Research) Funding information Funding Information: We would like to thank J. Gladman at Duke University, M. Hill at the AMNH, and B. Ache at Microphotonics for their assistance with collecting ?CT scans and to the oVert TCN (DBI 1701714) for providing some of the scans used in this study. Thank you to J. Williams and S. Smith at the Smithsonian, M. Stiassny at the AMNH, M. Sabaj and M. Arce at the ANSP, and D. Catania at the California Academy of Sciences for assistance in obtaining specimen loans for this project. The SLaBB-f Hackathon working group at Rutgers-Newark/NJIT was instrumental to completing the analyses for this study. This study was heavily influenced by J. Markiewicz's work on the reconstruction of an early Cryptotora thamicola ?CT scan and by D. Soares' recommendation to BEF to investigate the walking behavior of Cryptotora. Funding for this research included the National Science Foundation Understanding the Rules of Life Grant #1839915 (awarded to BEF, PC, and LMP), Duke University RTNN Free Use Award, ASIH Raney Award, AMNH Lerner-Gray Grant, and Sigma Xi GIAR (awarded to CHC). We greatly appreciate the permissions granted by federal and other governmental agencies in Thailand to A. Suvarnaraksha and S. Tongnunui at the Kanchanaburi Campus of Mahidol University, to conduct fieldwork and collect fishes necessary for this study. Funding Information: We would like to thank J. Gladman at Duke University, M. Hill at the AMNH, and B. Ache at Microphotonics for their assistance with collecting μCT scans and to the oVert TCN (DBI 1701714) for providing some of the scans used in this study. Thank you to J. Williams and S. Smith at the Smithsonian, M. Stiassny at the AMNH, M. Sabaj and M. Arce at the ANSP, and D. Catania at the California Academy of Sciences for assistance in obtaining specimen loans for this project. The SLaBB‐f Hackathon working group at Rutgers‐Newark/NJIT was instrumental to completing the analyses for this study. This study was heavily influenced by J. Markiewicz's work on the reconstruction of an early μCT scan and by D. Soares' recommendation to BEF to investigate the walking behavior of . Funding for this research included the National Science Foundation Understanding the Rules of Life Grant #1839915 (awarded to BEF, PC, and LMP), Duke University RTNN Free Use Award, ASIH Raney Award, AMNH Lerner‐Gray Grant, and Sigma Xi GIAR (awarded to CHC). We greatly appreciate the permissions granted by federal and other governmental agencies in Thailand to A. Suvarnaraksha and S. Tongnunui at the Kanchanaburi Campus of Mahidol University, to conduct fieldwork and collect fishes necessary for this study. Cryptotora thamicola Cryptotora Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC",
year = "2020",
month = oct,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1002/jmor.21247",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "281",
pages = "1280--1295",
journal = "Journal of Morphology",
issn = "0362-2525",
publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Inc.",
number = "10",
}