Starting algorithm and modification for Newton-Raphson load-flow method

A starting algorithm for the Newton-Raphson method of load-flow calculation is proposed. The algorithm provides good starting values for the system variables by defining two new functions, the coupling between which is weaker than the coupling between the normal active and reactive power mismatch functions. A modification to the Newton-Raphson method is also proposed that takes into account most of the 2nd-order terms that are normally neglected. Results of systems solved by the standard Newton-Raphson and other methods, and by the modified method with the new algorithm incorporated, demonstrate the advantages of the proposed algorithm and modification.