Understanding student participation in entrepreneurship education programs: A critical review

The rapid growth of entrepreneurship training in higher education warrants increased research on the impacts of entrepreneurship program participation. The purpose of this study is to develop a conceptual model of student participation in entrepreneurship education programs based on previously established models of student participation in learning activities and entrepreneurship education assessment theories. We systematically reviewed the literature using salsa methodology (search, appraisal, synthesis and analysis) to identify commonly used theories and variables in entrepreneurial assessment literature. Salsa method allows identification, evaluation, synthesis and analysis of most significant work in the field with respect to the area of interest. We found that these dominant theories only focused on individual factors and rarely highlighted external influences and barriers. This review led to development of an entrepreneurship-specific participation model. By merging multiple theories into one overarching model, we provide a foundational framework for systematic research examining student participation in undergraduate entrepreneurship programs. This overarching model identifies six variables that are especially important for entrepreneurship education program participation: entrepreneurial self-efficacy; desirability; entrepreneurial intent; life transitions; information and resources; and opportunities and barriers.